Military costume tends to have a similarity in all countries at any one period. Contemporary portraits indicate that the modifications of military costume in Europe brought about changes in the dress of the United States Navy even before the 1813 order was released. The cocked hat was generally replaced by the chapeau de bras, and long trousers took the place of breeches, stockings and shoes. The change in military costume was a partial reflection of the changes in civilian costume of the period. The early 19th century was a period of changing military dress, for most European countries were involved in a series of wars growing out of the French Revolution and the establishment of the French Empire under Napoleon.
Officers of the United States Navy during the War of 1812 were governed by two distinct uniform instructions, those of 1802 and a new order issued in 1813.
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